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The development of high-throughput metabolic profiling and the study of the metabolome are particularly important in brain research where small molecules or metabolites play fundamental signaling roles: neurotransmitters, signaling lipids, osmolytes and even ions. Metabolic profiling has shown that metabolic disturbances in the brain go beyond alterations of neurotransmission and that variations in brain metabolic homeostasis are associated with neurological disorders. In this report, we will focus on recent developments in the field of metabolic phenotyping that have contributed to unraveling the pathophysiology of neurological diseases. Also, we will highlight the necessity of implementing systems biology approaches to integrate metabolic data and tackle the structural and functional complexity of the brain in normal and pathological conditions.